Evaluation of Gauge‐Radar Merging Methods Using a Semi‐Distributed Hydrological Model in the Upper Thames River Basin,Canada

Gauge‐radar merging methods combine rainfall estimates from rain gauges and radar to capitalize on the strengths of the individual instruments. The performance of four well‐known gauge‐radar merging methods, including mean field bias correction, Brandes spatial adjustment, local bias correction using kriging, and conditional merging, are examined using Environment Canada radar and the Upper Thames River Basin in southwestern Ontario, Canada, as a case study. The analysis assesses the effect of gauge‐radar merging methods on: (1) the accuracy of predicted rainfall accumulations; and (2) the accuracy of predicted streamflows using a semi‐distributed hydrological model. In addition, several influencing factors (i.e., gauge density, storm type, basin type, proximity to the radar tower, and time‐step of adjustment) are analyzed to determine their effect on the performance of the rainfall estimation techniques. Confirming results of previous studies, the merging methods provide an increase in the accuracy of both rainfall accumulation estimations and predicted streamflows. The results also indicate specific factors such as gauge density, rainfall intensity, and time‐step of adjustment can reduce the accuracy of merging methods and play a key role in the examination of its use for operational purposes. Results provide guidance for hydrologists and engineers assessing how best to apply corrected radar products to improve rainfall estimation and hydrological modeling accuracy.     

Fracture Characterization Using Borehole Radar: Numerical Modeling

Forward modeling of borehole radar data for a series of synthetic discrete-fracture network (DFN) models provides a conceptual framework for interpreting experimental field data at fractured rock sites. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) radar wave propagation model was developed for this purpose. Synthetic examples demonstrate the utility of single-hole reflection-mode and cross-hole transmission-mode borehole radar for (1) identification of fracture location and orientation, and (2) identification of fracture pore-fluid properties, which might change as a result of tracer tests or flooding exercises in support of resource development or site remediation. A two-dimensional, synthetic DFN was generated statistically based on hypothetical distributions of fracture length, orientation, aperture, permeability, and inter-connectivity. The DFN includes a zone of permeable fractures embedded within a network of lower-permeability fractures and a low-permeability rock matrix. We modeled the unconnected and non-permeable fractures as being filled with freshwater. To simulate tracer experiments, contaminant releases, or engineered-remediation processes, we considered alternately the inter-connected, permeable fractures to be filled with freshwater air, or saline water (tracer). Synthetic radar data sets for both single-hole reflection and cross-hole transmission modes were generated. The features in synthetic radargrams were then examined and compared to the DFN model to evaluate the likelihood of identifying fracture location, orientation, and pore fluid in field situations. This comparison demonstrates that (1) the replacement of freshwater with saline water in permeable fractures generally increases the amplitude of reflections from permeable, connected fractures; and (2) in general, radar reflection-mode data contains more information about fracture properties than transmission-mode data.     

紫外光致抗蚀剂的研究现状

193nmArF激基体激光光刻是21世纪提高超大规模集成电路(VLSI)集成度的一项关键技术,已成为高技术领域的研究热点.本文介绍了近年来几种主要的紫外光致抗蚀剂及其研究进展,对ArF激基体激光(193nm)光致抗蚀剂的各个组分进行了归纳综述.并指出,通过改进感光高分子的结构与组成,可以获得性质优良的抗蚀剂,给分析、研究工作以助益.     

Analysis of a laser process for permanently degrading a photo-activated adhesive joint

A pulsed, laser process has been developed to reduce the permanent strength of photo-activated adhesive joints prior to work-piece de-bonding. The objective of this investigation was to gain insight into the relationships between carbon black content of the adhesive, laser delivery mode, heat transfer, and adhesive degradation. To do so, a variety of experiments were performed to characterize process sensitivity, radiation absorption within the adhesive joint, and thermal decomposition of the adhesive. In addition, heat transfer analysis was conducted to predict adhesive temperatures during the process.The results of this investigation indicate that the strength diminishment of an adhesive joint occurs after it has absorbed a train of high power pulses in rapid succession. The vast majority of strength diminishment occurs over a very narrow time window and is highly correlated to the rapid emission of gray smoke/vapor from the adhesive joint. For this to occur, the adhesive must contain carbon black. It is also highly correlated to a rapid increase in temperatures throughout the adhesive matrix. Laser pulse parameters that do not lead to this rapid increase, will not initiate adhesive degradation.The inclusion of carbon black into the adhesive promotes heat absorption and increased temperatures in the adhesive joint. These temperatures are large enough to enable adhesive decomposition. But the time span over which this happens is too small for significant damage to occur. It is currently hypothesized that high temperatures local to the carbon black particles may be the source of adhesive degradation.     

Numerical and experimental investigations on laser melting of stainless steel 316L metal powders

This paper presents numerical and experimental investigations on laser melting of SS grade 316L powder on top of AISI 316L substrate using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The objectives of the present study are to understand the effect of process parameters such as laser power, scanning speed and beam size on geometry characteristics of the melt zone and ball formation. We formulated a moving heat source problem and obtained transient temperature solutions using commercial finite element solver. The geometry characteristics of the melt zone are evaluated from the temperature solutions and compared with experimental results. The effect of laser parameters on the geometry, morphology and homogeneity of single track realization was methodically analyzed by utilizing characterization tools such as laser particle size analyzer, macro and microscopic inspection, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results presented in this paper are beneficial to realize homogenous layer formation in additive manufacturing processes involving powder melting by laser beam.     

Effect of cooling rate and laser process parameters on additive manufactured Fe–Ti–C metal matrix composites microstructure and carbide morphology

In this paper, laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of Fe–TiC composite coating on AISI 1030 carbon steel is investigated using a numerical and experimental method. In order to have a desired result using LAM, it is crucial to understand the effects of the process parameters’ values on the TiC morphology and microstructure. For this purpose, the LAM process is numerically simulated in order to calculate cooling rate and peak temperature. Experimental data and numerical results are in good agreement in terms of the phase development. Results show that cooling rate plays a crucial role in phase transformation in the clad, however, final microstructure strongly depends on the cooling rate and powder's chemical composition. Two main carbide morphologies (i.e. dendritic and particulate) are studied and relevant cooling rates are detected. Based on this paper and developed map, it is possible to control the cooling rate in order to achieve specific carbide morphologies in the clad. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are used to characterize clads’ microstructure.     

2005年春季亚洲尘的激光雷达观测

呼和浩特的激光雷达自2003年设置以来不间断地进行着测定。观测结果表明2005年春季沙尘发生次数较少。从1月到5月只观测到5次，其中3次发生在4月份。2004年的沙尘季节出现较早，在3月份就发生过多次。与其相比今年沙尘发生的季节较晚。在所有发生的沙尘现象中最大规模的沙尘现象发生在2005年4月28—29日。激光雷达观测到的消光系数超过2km^-1。（相当于重量浓度为3．5mg／m^3）该沙尘层的高度达到2km，沙尘浓度最高的区域分布在自地面至1km高处。（北京的观测结果表明，在高度2km附近有漂浮的沙尘层。另外，利用CFORS模型模拟的后向轨迹线的解析结果推断其发生源在蒙古南部地区。2005年的特征是在中国境内产生的次数较少，在蒙古发生的次数较多。因此，推断这主要是由于蒙古国境内积雪较少的原因所致。）     

The use of leeches and logit log-linear contingency models to assess and monitor aquatic PCB contamination originating from mid-Canada radar line site 050

Abandoned military sites in northern North America are relics of the Cold War and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In the late 1990s, the Canadian federal and provincial governments began the cleanup of the mid-Canada radar line in Ontario, Canada. The first site to be remediated was Site 050 (Fort Albany First Nation) in 2001; however, the community remains concerned that contaminants may have moved prior to, during, and after remediation into the Albany River directly adjacent to Site 050. Thus, the Albany River was monitored (1999, 2001, 2002) during the remediation process to determine if the cleanup itself further contaminated the aquatic compartment, using leeches (Haemopis spp.) as bioindicators. Few organochlorines were found in leeches at levels higher than the detection limit, aside from PCBs. Leech data from the present study indicated that PCB levels were significantly higher near Site 050 than the control site upstream, indicating point source contamination from Site 050. The temporal trend in leech contaminant data indicated an increase in PCB contaminant load from 1999 (pre-remediation) to 2001 (immediately post-remediation), but this difference was not statistically significant due to high variances. Nevertheless, logit log-linear contingency modeling did reveal that immediately after cleanup (2001), contaminants (CBs 99, 118, 128, 156, 170, 183) in leeches were detected significantly more frequent than expected. When taken together, leech body burden and frequency of detection data suggest that the remediation process itself further contaminated the aquatic environment, if only temporarily. Lastly, the removal of the terrestrial source of PCBs during remediation did remove the source of aquatic contaminants in that body burden of contaminants in leeches were significantly lower a year after cleanup.     

宝鸡市冬季一次持续性重污染过程特征分析

污染气象成因和污染物区域传输作用对本地污染影响较大,研究不同地区污染气象成因和污染物区域传输作用对本地污染的治理有重要意义.利用污染物浓度监测和气象要素观测资料,采用统计学分析方法、特征雷达图和HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模型分析宝鸡市2018年12月29日—2019年1月8日一次持续性重污染过程的气象成因和污染特征.结果表明:①此次重度污染持续时间长、强度大,污染过程中有6 d空气质量指数(AQI)达到重度及以上污染(AQI>200),ρ(PM_2.5)平均值达205.4 μg/m3,有2 d达到严重污染(AQI>300).②气象条件对污染物浓度的影响显著,高低空环流形势形成稳定层结,容易造成污染物累积.东南大风将污染气团远距离输送到宝鸡市,西北静小风使得污染物在本地聚集加重污染.③重污染维持阶段,ρ(PM_2.5)/ρ(PM₁₀)在0.9左右,说明此次污染过程PM_2.5占比较大,污染物的二次转化作用明显;ρ(NO₂)/ρ(SO₂)为6.2,表征移动源贡献率高于固定源;ρ(CO)/ρ(SO₂)呈先增后减的变化特征,表明静稳天气持续,本地源排放对重污染的贡献逐渐凸显.④特征雷达图结果表明,此次重污染过程的污染类型由发展阶段的污染特征不明显和燃煤型污染特征,逐渐转化为偏二次污染类型,重污染过程结束后污染类型以偏扬尘型为主.研究显示,气象条件和传输扩散对宝鸡市重污染影响显著,宝鸡市重污染应急需优先管控移动源,汾渭平原应加强区域联动,共同治理环境污染问题.      

2000 — 2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程遥感变化分析

冰川高程变化是冰川形态变化的重要特征之一,能为推算冰川体积变化及物质平衡提供基本参数。利用Sentinel-1A雷达数据,与SRTM数据进行差分干涉,得到2000—2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程变化结果。为进一步提高监测结果的可靠性,以裸地区域的高程变化量作为系统误差修正值,对冰川高程变化结果进行第一次优化。由于差分干涉结果受地形影响较大,为降低地形因素对高程变化的影响,分析地形因子与高程变化标准差之间的关系,去除标准差过大的冰川区域,提高冰川高程变化可靠性,对冰川高程变化结果进行第二次优化,并在此基础上进行精度评定。结果表明：过去18年来,哈尔里克山冰川高程平均下降(8.74±0.14) m;分析冰川高程变化的空间差异性,发现西北部冰川高程减少程度较东南部小;分析冰川高程变化与海拔的关系,发现总体上冰川高程下降程度随海拔升高而减小。